{
  "reviewed": "2026-11-05",
  "groups": [
    {
      "id": "human-lineage",
      "order": 0,
      "label": "Human line & ancestry candidates",
      "shortLabel": "Human ancestry",
      "description": "Homo sapiens and proposed ancestral populations; competing candidates can share this band. Placement is not a claim of proven direct ancestry.",
      "lanes": 2,
      "color": "#edf2e4"
    },
    {
      "id": "other-hominins",
      "order": 1,
      "label": "Other hominin branches",
      "shortLabel": "Human relatives",
      "description": "Closely related humans and australopith / Paranthropus branches, including alternative classifications and populations of unresolved ancestry.",
      "lanes": 2,
      "color": "#f1f4e9"
    },
    {
      "id": "great-ape-roots",
      "order": 2,
      "label": "Great-ape roots & African affinities",
      "shortLabel": "Great-ape branches",
      "description": "Candidate stem great apes and proposed African-ape/human relatives. Their relative order and precise placements remain disputed.",
      "lanes": 2,
      "color": "#eef1e5"
    },
    {
      "id": "orangutan-branch",
      "order": 3,
      "label": "Orangutan-related branches",
      "shortLabel": "Orangutan relatives",
      "description": "Fossil pongines or candidates, including Gigantopithecus. Some assignments remain provisional.",
      "lanes": 2,
      "color": "#f4eee1"
    },
    {
      "id": "earlier-apes",
      "order": 4,
      "label": "Earlier ape roots & gibbon branch",
      "shortLabel": "Wider ape roots",
      "description": "Early/stem hominoids and the separate gibbon-related branch. These inform shared ancestry without identifying individual direct ancestors.",
      "lanes": 3,
      "color": "#f1f1e9"
    },
    {
      "id": "unresolved",
      "order": 5,
      "label": "Placement unresolved",
      "shortLabel": "Unresolved placement",
      "description": "Unresolved ape affinities, disputed ape status, or especially doubtful classification. Far-right placement expresses uncertainty, not demonstrated evolutionary distance.",
      "lanes": 2,
      "color": "#efedef"
    }
  ],
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "pierolapithecus",
      "name": "Pierolapithecus catalaunicus",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "danuvius",
      "name": "Danuvius guggenmosi",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "rudapithecus",
      "name": "Rudapithecus hungaricus",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "oreopithecus",
      "name": "Oreopithecus bambolii",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Unresolved ape affinity",
      "reason": "Unusual anatomy yields competing placements; the review retains it as incertae sedis within Hominoidea.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sahelanthropus-tchadensis",
      "name": "Sahelanthropus tchadensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early hominin candidates",
      "reason": "Early human-lineage candidates; no exact ancestor–descendant chain is implied.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "orrorin-tugenensis",
      "name": "Orrorin tugenensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early hominin candidates",
      "reason": "Early human-lineage candidates; no exact ancestor–descendant chain is implied.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/orrorin-tugenensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ardipithecus-kadabba",
      "name": "Ardipithecus kadabba",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early hominin candidates",
      "reason": "Early human-lineage candidates; no exact ancestor–descendant chain is implied.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-kadabba"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ardipithecus-ramidus",
      "name": "Ardipithecus ramidus",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early hominin candidates",
      "reason": "Early human-lineage candidates; no exact ancestor–descendant chain is implied.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-ramidus"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-anamensis",
      "name": "Australopithecus anamensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Australopith ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Retained near the human line because an ancestral relationship to later hominins or Homo has been proposed; candidates are alternatives, not a single sequence.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-anamensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-afarensis",
      "name": "Australopithecus afarensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Australopith ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Retained near the human line because an ancestral relationship to later hominins or Homo has been proposed; candidates are alternatives, not a single sequence.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-afarensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kenyanthropus-platyops",
      "name": "Kenyanthropus platyops",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/kenyanthropus-platyops"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-deyiremeda",
      "name": "Australopithecus deyiremeda",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14448",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09714-4"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-africanus",
      "name": "Australopithecus africanus",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Australopith ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Retained near the human line because an ancestral relationship to later hominins or Homo has been proposed; candidates are alternatives, not a single sequence.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-africanus"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "paranthropus-aethiopicus",
      "name": "Paranthropus aethiopicus",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Paranthropus branch",
      "reason": "Robust-chewing hominin branch and linked classification proposals, not an obligatory stage toward Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-aethiopicus"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-garhi",
      "name": "Australopithecus garhi",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Australopith ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Retained near the human line because an ancestral relationship to later hominins or Homo has been proposed; candidates are alternatives, not a single sequence.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-garhi"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-habilis",
      "name": "Homo habilis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early Homo ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Early Homo and possible source populations for later humans; taxonomic boundaries and exact ancestry remain unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-habilis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "gigantopithecus",
      "name": "Gigantopithecus blacki",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Gigantopithecus",
      "reason": "Paleoproteomic evidence places Gigantopithecus on the orangutan branch.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1728-8",
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-sediba",
      "name": "Australopithecus sediba",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Australopith ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Retained near the human line because an ancestral relationship to later hominins or Homo has been proposed; candidates are alternatives, not a single sequence.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-sediba"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-rudolfensis",
      "name": "Homo rudolfensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early Homo ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Early Homo and possible source populations for later humans; taxonomic boundaries and exact ancestry remain unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-rudolfensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-erectus",
      "name": "Homo erectus",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early Homo ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Early Homo and possible source populations for later humans; taxonomic boundaries and exact ancestry remain unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "paranthropus-robustus",
      "name": "Paranthropus robustus",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Paranthropus branch",
      "reason": "Robust-chewing hominin branch and linked classification proposals, not an obligatory stage toward Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-robustus"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-antecessor",
      "name": "Homo antecessor",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-antecessor/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-heidelbergensis",
      "name": "Homo heidelbergensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Middle Pleistocene ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "African or broadly defined Middle Pleistocene classifications discussed in ancestry models for Homo sapiens; the named samples need not themselves be direct ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9703123/",
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-neanderthalensis",
      "name": "Homo neanderthalensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Close archaic human branches",
      "reason": "Close human relatives, with Harbin and sampled Xujiayao remains linked to Denisovans; relationships include population admixture and competing classifications.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-neanderthalensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-naledi",
      "name": "Homo naledi",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-naledi"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-sapiens",
      "name": "Homo sapiens",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Homo sapiens",
      "reason": "Our species and its proposed Herto subspecies belong at the human end of the layout.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-sapiens"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "denisovans",
      "name": "Denisovans",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Close archaic human branches",
      "reason": "Close human relatives, with Harbin and sampled Xujiayao remains linked to Denisovans; relationships include population admixture and competing classifications.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03675-0",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07612-9"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-floresiensis",
      "name": "Homo floresiensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-floresiensis"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-luzonensis",
      "name": "Homo luzonensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1067-9"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "paranthropus-boisei",
      "name": "Paranthropus boisei",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Paranthropus branch",
      "reason": "Robust-chewing hominin branch and linked classification proposals, not an obligatory stage toward Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/paranthropus-boisei"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "proconsul-africanus",
      "name": "Proconsul africanus",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "proconsul-major",
      "name": "Proconsul major",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "proconsul-gitongai",
      "name": "Proconsul gitongai",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "proconsul-meswae",
      "name": "Proconsul meswae",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "proconsul-legetetensis",
      "name": "Proconsul legetetensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kalepithecus-songhorensis",
      "name": "Kalepithecus songhorensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kalepithecus-kogolensis",
      "name": "Kalepithecus kogolensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ekembo-heseloni",
      "name": "Ekembo heseloni",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ekembo-nyanzae",
      "name": "Ekembo nyanzae",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Proconsulid roots",
      "reason": "Early stem-ape affiliations; exact ancestry within the shared ape radiation is not resolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "xenopithecus-koruensis",
      "name": "Xenopithecus koruensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "mabokopithecus-clarki",
      "name": "Mabokopithecus clarki",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "rangwapithecus-gordoni",
      "name": "Rangwapithecus gordoni",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nyanzapithecus-pickfordi",
      "name": "Nyanzapithecus pickfordi",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nyanzapithecus-vancouveringorum",
      "name": "Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nyanzapithecus-alesi",
      "name": "Nyanzapithecus alesi",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nyanzapithecus-harrisoni",
      "name": "Nyanzapithecus harrisoni",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "turkanapithecus-kalakolensis",
      "name": "Turkanapithecus kalakolensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "turkanapithecus-rusingensis",
      "name": "Turkanapithecus rusingensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "samburupithecus-kiptalami",
      "name": "Samburupithecus kiptalami",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Nyanzapithecid branches",
      "reason": "Nyanzapithecid/stem-ape affiliations in the review; Samburupithecus has competing older hominine interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "afropithecus-turkanensis",
      "name": "Afropithecus turkanensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "heliopithecus-leakeyi",
      "name": "Heliopithecus leakeyi",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "morotopithecus-bishopi",
      "name": "Morotopithecus bishopi",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "equatorius-africanus",
      "name": "Equatorius africanus",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nacholapithecus-kerioi",
      "name": "Nacholapithecus kerioi",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "otavipithecus-namibiensis",
      "name": "Otavipithecus namibiensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Afropithecid / equatorine roots",
      "reason": "Early-ape affiliations in the 2023 review; some older classifications placed these nearer crown great apes.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "yuanmoupithecus-xiaoyuan",
      "name": "Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Gibbon-related branch",
      "reason": "A stem hylobatid interpretation places it outside the great-ape branch; it is not one of the older stem-ape populations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "griphopithecus-suessi",
      "name": "Griphopithecus suessi",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Kenyapithecine great-ape roots",
      "reason": "Candidate stem great apes in the 2023 synthesis; exact crown affinities remain debated.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "griphopithecus-alpani",
      "name": "Griphopithecus alpani",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Kenyapithecine great-ape roots",
      "reason": "Candidate stem great apes in the 2023 synthesis; exact crown affinities remain debated.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kenyapithecus-wickeri",
      "name": "Kenyapithecus wickeri",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Kenyapithecine great-ape roots",
      "reason": "Candidate stem great apes in the 2023 synthesis; exact crown affinities remain debated.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kenyapithecus-kizili",
      "name": "Kenyapithecus kizili",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Kenyapithecine great-ape roots",
      "reason": "Candidate stem great apes in the 2023 synthesis; exact crown affinities remain debated.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "dryopithecus-fontani",
      "name": "Dryopithecus fontani",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "anoiapithecus-brevirostris",
      "name": "Anoiapithecus brevirostris",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "hispanopithecus-laietanus",
      "name": "Hispanopithecus laietanus",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "hispanopithecus-crusafonti",
      "name": "Hispanopithecus crusafonti",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "udabnopithecus-garedziensis",
      "name": "Udabnopithecus garedziensis",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "European great-ape candidates",
      "reason": "Dryopithecine affiliations; studies differ between stem great-ape and African-ape/human-side placements.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "khoratpithecus-chiangmuanensis",
      "name": "Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Khoratpithecus",
      "reason": "Pongine affinities; some analyses place Khoratpithecus especially close to Pongo.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "khoratpithecus-piriyai",
      "name": "Khoratpithecus piriyai",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Khoratpithecus",
      "reason": "Pongine affinities; some analyses place Khoratpithecus especially close to Pongo.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "khoratpithecus-ayeyarwadyensis",
      "name": "Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Khoratpithecus",
      "reason": "Pongine affinities; some analyses place Khoratpithecus especially close to Pongo.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "khoratpithecus-magnus",
      "name": "Khoratpithecus magnus",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Khoratpithecus",
      "reason": "Pongine affinities; some analyses place Khoratpithecus especially close to Pongo.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ankarapithecus-meteai",
      "name": "Ankarapithecus meteai",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Provisional pongines",
      "reason": "Provisional pongine placement in the review; alternative great-ape affinities remain possible.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "lufengpithecus-lufengensis",
      "name": "Lufengpithecus lufengensis",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Provisional pongines",
      "reason": "Provisional pongine placement in the review; alternative great-ape affinities remain possible.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sivapithecus-sivalensis",
      "name": "Sivapithecus sivalensis",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Sivapithecus / giant-ape comparisons",
      "reason": "Pongine affinity in the review; Indopithecus is a proposed relative of the Gigantopithecus line, not a demonstrated direct ancestor.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sivapithecus-indicus",
      "name": "Sivapithecus indicus",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Sivapithecus / giant-ape comparisons",
      "reason": "Pongine affinity in the review; Indopithecus is a proposed relative of the Gigantopithecus line, not a demonstrated direct ancestor.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sivapithecus-parvada",
      "name": "Sivapithecus parvada",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Sivapithecus / giant-ape comparisons",
      "reason": "Pongine affinity in the review; Indopithecus is a proposed relative of the Gigantopithecus line, not a demonstrated direct ancestor.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "indopithecus-giganteus",
      "name": "Indopithecus giganteus",
      "group": "orangutan-branch",
      "subgroup": "Sivapithecus / giant-ape comparisons",
      "reason": "Pongine affinity in the review; Indopithecus is a proposed relative of the Gigantopithecus line, not a demonstrated direct ancestor.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "chororapithecus-abyssinicus",
      "name": "Chororapithecus abyssinicus",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "African ape / human-side candidates",
      "reason": "Tentative hominine affiliation in the 2023 synthesis; Chororapithecus has a debated gorilla-lineage interpretation.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nakalipithecus-nakayamai",
      "name": "Nakalipithecus nakayamai",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "African ape / human-side candidates",
      "reason": "Tentative hominine affiliation in the 2023 synthesis; Chororapithecus has a debated gorilla-lineage interpretation.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "graecopithecus-freybergi",
      "name": "Graecopithecus freybergi",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Balkan / Anatolian hominine proposals",
      "reason": "Some analyses place these near the African-ape/human branch; the broader 2023 review leaves graecopithecin subfamily unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05210-5"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ouranopithecus-macedoniensis",
      "name": "Ouranopithecus macedoniensis",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Balkan / Anatolian hominine proposals",
      "reason": "Some analyses place these near the African-ape/human branch; the broader 2023 review leaves graecopithecin subfamily unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05210-5"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "anadoluvius-turkae",
      "name": "Anadoluvius turkae",
      "group": "great-ape-roots",
      "subgroup": "Balkan / Anatolian hominine proposals",
      "reason": "Some analyses place these near the African-ape/human branch; the broader 2023 review leaves graecopithecin subfamily unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05210-5"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sinopithecus-keiyuanensis",
      "name": "Sinopithecus keiyuanensis",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Unresolved great-ape affinity",
      "reason": "The review leaves Sinopithecus unresolved at subfamily level rather than automatically grouping it with pongine Lufengpithecus.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sinopithecus-hudienensis",
      "name": "Sinopithecus hudienensis",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Unresolved great-ape affinity",
      "reason": "The review leaves Sinopithecus unresolved at subfamily level rather than automatically grouping it with pongine Lufengpithecus.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "dryopithecus-wuduensis",
      "name": "Dryopithecus wuduensis",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Uncertain names / assignments",
      "reason": "Generic assignment or taxonomic validity is especially uncertain; a familiar genus name is not enough to fix the branch.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "sivapithecus-occidentalis",
      "name": "Sivapithecus occidentalis",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Uncertain names / assignments",
      "reason": "Generic assignment or taxonomic validity is especially uncertain; a familiar genus name is not enough to fix the branch.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "neopithecus-brancoi",
      "name": "Neopithecus brancoi",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Uncertain names / assignments",
      "reason": "Generic assignment or taxonomic validity is especially uncertain; a familiar genus name is not enough to fix the branch.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kamoyapithecus-hamiltoni",
      "name": "Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Oligocene ape candidates",
      "reason": "Early hominoid candidates used as background to the ape radiation, not individually demonstrated ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "rukwapithecus-fleaglei",
      "name": "Rukwapithecus fleaglei",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Oligocene ape candidates",
      "reason": "Early hominoid candidates used as background to the ape radiation, not individually demonstrated ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "masripithecus-moghraensis",
      "name": "Masripithecus moghraensis",
      "group": "earlier-apes",
      "subgroup": "Near crown-ape origins",
      "reason": "The 2026 analysis places Masripithecus as the closest sampled sister taxon to crown Hominoidea.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://nhm.org/stories/meet-masripithecus-newly-described-ancient-ape-fills-gap-evolutionary-history-primates",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41886561/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "buronius-manfredschmidi",
      "name": "Buronius manfredschmidi",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Great-ape placement unresolved",
      "reason": "The 2024 small great-ape proposal has too little material for a secure position within the great-ape branches.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301002"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "meganthropus-palaeojavanicus",
      "name": "Meganthropus palaeojavanicus",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Non-Homo hominid; branch unresolved",
      "reason": "Dental evidence supports a non-Homo hominid; precise relationships are insufficiently resolved for a human or pongine column.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0860-z"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-bahrelghazali",
      "name": "Australopithecus bahrelghazali",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204209109",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/17/",
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2981960/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "australopithecus-prometheus",
      "name": "Australopithecus prometheus",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302380",
        "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.22049",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/72/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "paranthropus-capensis",
      "name": "Paranthropus capensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Paranthropus branch",
      "reason": "Robust-chewing hominin branch and linked classification proposals, not an obligatory stage toward Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9282359/",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39752989/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2026.2625163"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "paranthropus-robustus-ukusa",
      "name": "Paranthropus robustus ukusa",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Paranthropus branch",
      "reason": "Robust-chewing hominin branch and linked classification proposals, not an obligatory stage toward Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/evan.22018"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-ergaster",
      "name": "Homo ergaster",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early Homo ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Early Homo and possible source populations for later humans; taxonomic boundaries and exact ancestry remain unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-ergaster/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-georgicus",
      "name": "Homo georgicus",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0336484",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/177/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-caucasi",
      "name": "Homo caucasi",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0336484"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-gautengensis",
      "name": "Homo gautengensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X10000727",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20466364/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-rhodesiensis",
      "name": "Homo rhodesiensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Middle Pleistocene ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "African or broadly defined Middle Pleistocene classifications discussed in ancestry models for Homo sapiens; the named samples need not themselves be direct ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9703123/",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/56/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-bodoensis",
      "name": "Homo bodoensis",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Middle Pleistocene ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "African or broadly defined Middle Pleistocene classifications discussed in ancestry models for Homo sapiens; the named samples need not themselves be direct ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9297855/",
        "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/evan.21929",
        "https://camera-praehistorica.kunstkamera.ru/en/archive/camera_praehistorica_1_2026/sv_vasilyev_oi_alyokhina_pleistocene_man_from_bodo_taxonomy_morphology_and_facial_approximation",
        "https://pages.nycep.org/ed/download/pdf/2022d.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-cepranensis",
      "name": "Homo cepranensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other Homo branches / classifications",
      "reason": "Homo diversity and alternative classifications; not assigned as a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S104061821501441X",
        "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871101411000173",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/178/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-helmei",
      "name": "Homo helmei",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Middle Pleistocene ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "African or broadly defined Middle Pleistocene classifications discussed in ancestry models for Homo sapiens; the named samples need not themselves be direct ancestors.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4920294/",
        "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379110002623",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/64/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-longi",
      "name": "Homo longi",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Close archaic human branches",
      "reason": "Close human relatives, with Harbin and sampled Xujiayao remains linked to Denisovans; relationships include population admixture and competing classifications.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100131",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40531192/",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/173/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-juluensis",
      "name": "Homo juluensis",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Close archaic human branches",
      "reason": "Close human relatives, with Harbin and sampled Xujiayao remains linked to Denisovans; relationships include population admixture and competing classifications.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109742",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11132-z",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53918-7"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "homo-sapiens-idaltu",
      "name": "Homo sapiens idaltu",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Homo sapiens",
      "reason": "Our species and its proposed Herto subspecies belong at the human end of the layout.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01669",
        "https://paleocore.org/origins/nomina/detail/191/"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "pliobates-cataloniae",
      "name": "Pliobates cataloniae",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Stem catarrhine / historical ape proposal",
      "reason": "The 2024 dental analysis favors a pliopithecoid stem catarrhine, although the initial ape interpretation remains part of the record.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47034-9"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "kapi-ramnagarensis",
      "name": "Kapi ramnagarensis",
      "group": "unresolved",
      "subgroup": "Disputed gibbon / pliopithecoid affinity",
      "reason": "Originally proposed as a gibbon relative, with a competing pliopithecoid interpretation.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7542791/",
        "https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2023/271462/jouhumevo_a2023v175a103309.pdf"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "laetoli-site-a",
      "name": "Laetoli site A trackmaker",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04187-7"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ledi-geraru-homo",
      "name": "Ledi-Geraru early Homo (LD 350-1 and later material)",
      "group": "human-lineage",
      "subgroup": "Early Homo ancestry candidates",
      "reason": "Early Homo and possible source populations for later humans; taxonomic boundaries and exact ancestry remain unresolved.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25739410/",
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09390-4"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "ledi-geraru-australopithecus",
      "name": "Ledi-Geraru Australopithecus sp.",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Other early hominin forms",
      "reason": "Hominin diversity with unresolved exact ancestry; includes unnamed forms and competing taxonomic interpretations.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09390-4"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    },
    {
      "id": "nesher-ramla",
      "name": "Nesher Ramla Homo",
      "group": "other-hominins",
      "subgroup": "Close archaic human branches",
      "reason": "Close human relatives, with Harbin and sampled Xujiayao remains linked to Denisovans; relationships include population admixture and competing classifications.",
      "affinitySources": [
        "https://cir.cenieh.es/handle/20.500.12136/2577"
      ],
      "sourceNote": "Layout grouping is an editorial synthesis of the cited interpretations, not a newly established phylogeny."
    }
  ]
}